Create multi-layered strategy to resolve conflict in Rwenzori

The recent deadly clashes between government and Rwenzururu cultural institution is a stern warning that the conflict in the Rwenzori sub-region is far from over. Fatal attacks have been experienced since 1962 and more recently with the recognition of Obusinga Bwa Rwenzururu in 2009 and Obudingiya Bwa Bamba in 2014. It is very important for the government to explore the root causes of the conflicts over time, the dynamics of the diverse ethnic composition in Kasese District and in greater Rwenzori sub-region and the key triggers of these conflicts in order to arrive at a long term solution.

Historically, Rwenzori sub-region has seen ethnic conflict as a result of various communities claiming legitimacy as the original occupants of the lands they live on and decrying injustices resulting from the policies and decisions of those who had cultural and political power over the smaller groups. The colonial administration’s ‘divide and rule’ strategy was further enflamed by the resentment felt against dominant ethnic groups by the subjugated communities which witnessed a widening gap in service delivery and political representation, resulting in the conflicts of the 1960s, 70s and 80s; it is this legacy that strongly influences the present and recurring conflicts in the sub-region.

The conservation policies of the colonial government which were then adopted by the subsequent post-independence governments also contributed to injustices related to loss of lands that to date have not been adequately addressed.
The violence since 2009 through 2014 to the most recent tragic events demonstrates a repeating pattern that mixes ethnically triggered conflicts with frustrations directed at the government. For example in 2012, the Bakonzo youth loyal to Obusinga Bwa Rwenzururu attacked the Basongora cultural institution immediately after the Basongora had installed their king who is still not recognised by the government. Similar clashes broke out in Bundibugyo where the Bamba contested the establishment of the Rwenzururu shrine in Bundibugyo and shortly after preferred to push for the recognition of their own Cultural Institution Obudingiya Bwa Bamba. However, the conflict that immediately followed the government recognition of the Bamba cultural institution in 2014 was clearly marked by violence targeting the government security forces, making the conflict more complex.

This has been made worse by political influence as different ethnic groups feel marginalised in some areas.
Understanding the underlying historical root causes of social, economic and political marginalisation of the different ethnic groups which call Rwenzori sub-region their home is an important step towards the search for an everlasting solution to the persisting conflicts. Equally, it is crucial to adopt a multi-layered approach to facilitate intercultural dialogues between the different ethnic groups.

It would also be useful for the government to adopt a framework that ensures independent mediation whenever cultural institutions have issues with central or local government authorities.

As we East Africans increasingly use our mobile phones and social media to communicate, we all need to draw lessons from other continents on how quickly negative messages can spread, encouraging prejudices and enflaming tensions. The need for equitable distribution and access to services, economic goods and natural resources by all ethnic groups should be addressed.

Lastly, there is an immediate need for mass and consistent education of the whole population in Rwenzori sub-region on issues of peaceful co-existence, tolerance and celebration of their rich ethnic and cultural diversity. Such education should be supported by the government in close partnership with civil society organisations and development partners.
In all this the government has the primary responsibility to desist from a reactive approach of using its security forces to quell outbreak of violence because this has and will not offer any solutions to the underlying issues.
Ms Kabajuni works with Minority Rights Group International. [email protected]