While individual dietary needs can differ, a generally healthy diet includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, complex carbohydrates, lean proteins, and healthy fats. PHOTO/COURTESY/FREEPIK. PHOTO/WWW.PEXELS.COM
When talking about cancer, the main focus is often put on medical treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy. However, an increasing number of doctors, nutritionists, and researchers are emphasising nutrition as an essential tool in the fight against cancer.
Growing evidence indicates certain foods can lower cancer risk by supplying the body with important nutrients, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds, while also enhancing energy levels and immune function during and after treatment.
“After my diagnosis, I felt overwhelmed by all the treatments. But focusing on eating well gave me something I could control. I could do something positive for my body every day,” shares Rose Achieng, a cancer survivor.
Role of nutrition
Proper nutrition during cancer treatment is essential for several reasons, says Amanda Twebaze, a nutritionist at the Human Mechanic Clinic in Kampala.
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Treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery can lead to fatigue, weight loss, and side effects such as nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. Eating well during this difficult time helps one maintain strength, energy, and immune function.
Cancer treatments can cause symptoms that make it challenging for patients to consume enough food. In such cases, proper nutrition is vital for sustaining energy levels and preventing further weakness.
Some treatments may cause side effects such as mouth sores, changes in taste, and digestive issues. Specific dietary strategies, such as eating small, frequent meals or opting for bland foods, can help manage these symptoms effectively.
Twebaze notes that since cancer patients are also at risk of dehydration, anaemia and electrolyte imbalances, good nutrition plays a crucial role in managing and preventing these issues by ensuring adequate fluid intake and balancing essential nutrients. It is also important to note that malnutrition can lead to muscle loss and decreased physical function, making it harder for patients to recover and cope with treatment side effects.
Strong immunity
A well-balanced diet is critical for maintaining a healthy immune system, which can weaken during cancer treatment. Adequate intake of protein, vitamins, and minerals supports immune function and reduces the risk of infections and other complications. Proper nutrition also promotes faster recovery after surgery or other treatments, allowing the body to heal more effectively.
Since surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation can damage healthy tissues, it is important to consume sufficient nutrients, particularly protein, to aid in tissue repair and rebuilding. Unintentional weight loss is common during cancer treatment, and maintaining a healthy weight is vital for overall strength, immune function, and well-being. Malnutrition and significant weight loss can adversely affect the body's response to treatment, potentially delaying or reducing the effectiveness of cancer therapies.
Good nutrition can also enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments. Some studies suggest that proper nutritional support may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and reduce the likelihood of treatment-related complications. A well-nourished body is better equipped to tolerate cancer treatments and their side effects, which can lead to improved long-term outcomes.
Key considerations
Twebaze emphasises the need for proteins, which are vital for tissue repair, immune function, and maintaining muscle mass. Adequate caloric intake helps prevent weight loss and provides energy, especially during treatment when appetite may decrease. Vitamins and minerals also play key roles in supporting immune function, healing, and energy production.
“Hydration is critical for managing side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and diarrhoea,” says Sherah Komugisha, a cancer survivor.
"I would make freshly squeezed juice, smoothies and soups. These options are easy to digest and are packed with nutrients. Smoothies that include fruits, leafy greens, yoghurt and flaxseed or chia seeds provide vitamins, protein, and fibre. Soups made with bone broth, vegetables and lean proteins are gentle on the stomach while offering hydration and essential nutrients," she adds.
Fruits
Twebaze says fruits that are high in vitamins C and E aid in cell repair and combat oxidative stress, which can help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, while complex carbohydrates are essential for patients experiencing cancer-related fatigue. Whole grains also deliver fibre, which can help manage digestive issues that may arise during treatment.
Ginger and peppermint are known for their ability to alleviate nausea and can be consumed as teas or added to meals. Peppermint oil, when diluted and applied to the skin, may also provide relief for those dealing with nausea.
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Chemotherapy and radiation can disrupt the gut microbiome, so incorporating foods such as yoghurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi can help restore healthy gut bacteria. This restoration aids digestion, boosts immunity, and even supports mood regulation.
Leafy greens and brightly coloured vegetables such as spinach, kale, carrots and bell peppers are rich in vitamins and minerals that support immune function, cellular repair, and energy levels. For example, carrots are high in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A, essential for healing.
After experiencing muscle loss during treatment, it is crucial to consume lean proteins such as fish, chicken, and plant-based options such as beans and lentils to rebuild strength.
Post-treatment
Here, the focus is on rebuilding the body, restoring energy and promoting long-term health.
"After treatment, it is important for patients to continue prioritising foods that support healing and reduce inflammation. A balanced, nutrient-rich diet can help patients regain strength and enhance overall wellness," Twebaze advises.
Reducing risk
Coupled with exercise, reduced alcohol intake and quitting smoking, a cancer-resistant diet rich in antioxidants, phytochemicals, fibre and healthy fats can help reduce cancer risk.
For example, antioxidants in fruits and vegetables such as berries, leafy greens, and citrus fruits neutralise free radicals, which can damage cells and potentially lead to cancer. Phytochemicals, found in plants such as broccoli, cauliflower and garlic contain compounds that have been shown to reduce the growth of cancer cells.
“Fruits and vegetables provide an array of antioxidants and phytochemicals, which may help lower the risk of cancer. Whole grains, which are high in fibre help regulate blood sugar levels, manage weight, and even lower the risk of colorectal cancer. Fibre is also essential for digestive health, which plays a role in how the body detoxifies and absorbs nutrients,” Twebaze advises.
Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, walnuts and flaxseeds are known for their anti-inflammatory properties, which have been associated with reduced cancer risk, especially when it comes to breast cancer.
While some studies suggest that a diet high in red and processed meat can increase cancer risk, protein sources such as legumes, fish and poultry are considered healthier options. Plant-based proteins such as beans, lentils, and tofu also offer fibre and beneficial compounds without the risks associated with red meat.
