Tobacco and cancer: A growing health crisis
A man smokes in Kampala recently. PHOTO/FILE
What you need to know:
- Secondhand smoke, or passive smoking, is equally dangerous. In many Ugandan homes and workplaces, non-smokers, including children, are exposed to harmful smoke.
- With stronger policies, community support, and a shared commitment to health, we can break the deadly link between smoking and cancer.
Tobacco use, especially smoking, is a leading cause of cancer worldwide. In Uganda, cancer is becoming a serious public health concern, and smoking remains a significant yet often overlooked contributor. Despite progress through the Tobacco Control Act of 2015, many people, especially youth and those in rural areas, continue to use tobacco or are exposed to secondhand smoke.
Tobacco smoke contains thousands of harmful chemicals, at least 70 of which are known to cause cancer. These substances damage DNA and interfere with normal cell function, potentially triggering uncontrolled cell growth. Lung cancer is the most recognised consequence of smoking, but it also causes cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, bladder, kidneys, and cervix.
For women, smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight infections like HPV, which can lead to cervical cancer.
Secondhand smoke, or passive smoking, is equally dangerous. In many Ugandan homes and workplaces, non-smokers, including children, are exposed to harmful smoke. Even brief exposure can cause lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, asthma, and respiratory infections.
There is no safe level of exposure. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey reveals that around 10 percent of adult men and three percent of women in Uganda smoke, with higher rates in rural areas. Among youth, smoking is on the rise due to peer pressure, low awareness of risks, and easy access to cheap tobacco. Cultural norms in some communities continue to accept smoking, particularly among men.
Tobacco use and its grip
The tobacco industry continues to market its products, often indirectly, targeting vulnerable groups. Uganda’s status as a tobacco-growing country complicates control efforts. In districts such as Arua, Koboko, and Kanungu, tobacco farming provides income but exposes farmers, including children, to harmful nicotine and environmental damage. It depletes soil, contributes to deforestation, and harms public health.
At the Uganda Cancer Institute, smoking-related cancers are increasingly common. Lung cancer, once rare, is rising and remains one of the deadliest forms. Sadly, most patients seek help at late stages, limiting treatment options. Uganda has taken important steps to reduce tobacco use.
The Tobacco Control Act bans smoking in public, restricts sales to minors, and prohibits advertising. Public campaigns and school-based education are ongoing, and Uganda is a signatory to the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
However, enforcement is inconsistent. Public smoking remains common, minors still access tobacco, and awareness is lacking in many regions. To make real progress, enforcement must be strengthened. Tobacco taxes should be raised to limit access, especially among youth. Affordable cessation services need to be expanded in health facilities. Farmers should also be supported to transition to alternative, sustainable livelihoods.
Empowering change
Quitting smoking is challenging but possible. The benefits are immediate, improved breathing, circulation, and reduced cancer risk. Families can help by creating smoke-free homes, supporting those who want to quit, and encouraging youth to join anti-smoking clubs. The media can amplify these efforts by sharing stories of people affected by smoking-related diseases and exposing the tactics of the tobacco industry. Influencers, radio, TV, and social media can promote healthy, smoke-free living.
Uganda can overcome its tobacco burden. With stronger policies, community support, and a shared commitment to health, we can break the deadly link between smoking and cancer. If you smoke, begin the journey to quit. If you do not, protect yourself and others from secondhand smoke. Talk to your children and support smoke-free policies. Together, we can build a healthier Uganda.
The writer is the executive director, Uganda Cancer Institute
