Teodoro Obiang, Equatorial Guinea's iron-fisted ruler

Poised to win a sixth term in presidential elections on Sunday, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo has ruled oil-rich Equatorial Guinea since August 1979, overseeing a regime notorious for crushing dissent and fearing coups.

The 80-year-old's 43 years in power are the longest of any leader alive in the world today, with the exception of monarchs.

He seized power from Francisco Macias Nguema, who in 1968 had become Equatorial Guinea's first president upon independence from Spain and later declared himself president for life. Macias -- Obiang's uncle -- was executed by firing squad two months after the coup.

Obiang's opponents say that under his iron-fisted, hermetic tenure, the country has become the "North Korea of Africa".

The regime's ruthlessness is regularly condemned by rights watchdogs, who have documented mass and arbitrary arrests, dissidents held in nightmarish prison conditions and frequent sweeps against suspected plotters.

In a country where there is just a single authorised opposition party, Obiang exercises near-total political control. 

In 2016, he was re-elected with 93.7 percent of the vote. In the legislature, which on Sunday will also be re-elected, his Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE) held 99 of the 100 seats in the outgoing lower house, and all 70 seats in the senate.

 Son in the wings 
Obiang's son, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, known as Teodorin, is widely seen as his successor, and has ascended the ranks to the position of vice president today.

In an interview ahead of the 2016 vote, the elder Obiang told the French-language Jeune Afrique magazine that this would be the last time he would run.

"I have been in power for too long, but the people want me to be their president," he said.

Asked whether Teodorin was being groomed for power, he said: "Equatorial Guinea isn't a monarchy... but if he's got talent, there's nothing I can do."

Speculation that he would hand over the reins in the upcoming vote gained pace as his public appearances became rarer.

But those expectations were quashed after Teodorin was enveloped in scandals abroad over assets suspected to have been acquired illegally.

France, Britain and the United States have ordered him to forfeit millions of dollars in assets, from mansions to luxury cars, while France also handed him a three-year suspended sentence and a fine of 30 million euros (dollars).

The storm, coinciding with a downturn in oil revenue and the economic blow inflicted by Covid, may have prompted the elder Obiang's inner circle to advise against leadership change.

The PDGE unanimously chose Obiang as its candidate "because of his charisma, his leadership and his political experience", Teodorin wrote on Twitter. The party's election slogan, seen universally on posters and state TV, is "continuity".

 Fear of coups 
Obiang graduated from military school while the country, as Spanish Guinea, was still under the rule of Spain's fascist leader, General Francisco Franco.

He then held a string of important jobs, including as head of the notorious Black Beach prison -- a place of "living hell," in the words of Amnesty International.

His violent path to power has bequeathed a deep fear of coups.

His bodyguard comprises soldiers who are members of his clan, but -- for additional security -- he has a close-protection unit who are reputedly Israelis. Zimbabweans and Ugandans have been brought in to help guard the presidential palace.

Obiang says he has foiled at least 10 attempted coups and assassinations during his long spell in power, often blaming dissidents living in exile or "foreign powers". 

The authorities have closed the borders ahead of the elections to thwart suspected plotters.

Obiang has been buttressed by the discovery of oil in territorial waters in the mid-1996.

The bonanza has turned Equatorial Guinea into Africa's third richest country, in terms of per-capita income.

But the wealth is very unequally distributed -- four fifths of the population of 1.4 million live below the poverty threshold according to World Bank figures for 2006, the latest available.

The country has a long-established reputation internationally for graft, ranking 172 out of 180 nations on Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.